In identifying many of the biological forces presented by urbanised living in the 21st century, Gustav Milne's Uncivilised Genes explores major challenges which conflict with modern society and undoubtedly ignore the largely unchanged biology of humans. Milne postulates a number of perspectives on modern-day developments which have impacted our health, nutrition, agriculture and societal organisation, and also examines differences between our ancestral and contemporary lifestyles. Milne doesn't stop there, however - he also highlights realistic protocols to which both individuals and health services can refer, to enable everyone to enjoy urban living without the consequences of diverging too far from our biological needs.